Friday, 30 January 2015

Ghana-Nigeria Trade War Over…?

Nigeria Traders to build their Market in Ghana
The latest Press Release by the Nigeria High Commissioner Amb. Ademola Oluseyi Onafowokan, with members of the Nigeria Media Center has given Nigerian Traders relief on the lingering trade issue with GUTA, Amb.Onafowokan confirmed to Nigerian Media houses in Ghana that after talks held between hi m and the members of the Ministry of Trade and Industry Ghana few dews ago, the ministry of trade has given directives for land to be allocated for building of Nigerian Market in the regions of Ghana.
The Career Diplomat Amb.Onafowokan commended the president of Ghana John Dramani Mahama, the foreign Minister Miss Hanna Tetteh, Hon. Haruna Idrissu the minister of labour and productivity, and confessed being extremely and most grateful to the new minister of trade Hon. Ekow Spio -Garbrah and his deputy Mr. Murtala Mohammed for their deep understanding of the importance of trade and international economic relations in the affairs of the nations, he lauded the new minister of trade for saying it categorically that it will not augur well for west Africa, if traders shops are locked and they are forced to go back to their countries, in the absence of what to do because if same treatments are met to Ghanaians it will affect the economic situation of Ghanaians who are also trading in other countries “ I appreciate the wisdom of Hon. Ekow Spio-Garbah and the new tolerant stand of the Ghanaian government and its people which is very considerate and fair ,via reconsidering the decision of clamping down on retail traders in Ghana and also taking steps to ensure that closed Nigerian shops were re-opened, and foreign traders are once more protected and can do their business and live free in Ghana without fear of molestation again ”
Hon Ekow Spio- Garbrah Minister of Trade and Industry Ghana
This was out of the result of Nigeria High commissioners visit to the ministry of trade and Industry Ghana following the peaceful demonstration of the embittered traders to the High commission after closures of their shops.
The meeting which resulted to this new positive development was actually undertaken by Amb.Onafowokan to make complaints on the incessant harassment of foreign traders which includes Nigerian traders in traditional markets of Ghanaians, which he found strange because Nigerians and Ghanaians have been trading side by side in those markets for over 100 years peacefully, and why the sudden change of attitude, and was happy by the high sense of understanding demonstrated by the ministry of trade and Industry Ghana that resulted in something positive coming out of the meeting ” The Ghanaian Government has done the wisest thing, and I commend them for knowing what to do in the face of such a delicate issue which also involves satisfying the interest of their citizens but moreover of gratifying the collective interest of Africans as a people thereby contributing to the economic growth of the ECOWAS Region, On the land allocation to be given to Nigerian community Ghana for erecting of their market, we plead for the assistance of Federal Government of Nigeria back home to assist in building the market, we the Nigeria High commission though we don’t have money to give them, we will work hard to ensure that this land allocation becomes a reality.”
When questioned by the media on the time frame on the fulfillment of the promise of land allocation he answered that no time was given but the Nigeria high commission has already responded to the promise with a letter immediately to ensure that the trail doesn’t go cold and the promise for land allocation be redeemed in the shortest time possible.
The high commissioner also confirmed that the land allocation for foreigners market or Nigerian market will not be in Accra alone, but in other affected regions like Kumasi, Ho, Wa , koforidua, Brong Ahafo and wherever they don’t want Nigerian traders in their markets and need them to move.
Amb.Onafowokan believes that Nigerian traders will appreciate this development because they agreed to this notion when he raised it before them during their visit, and it’s a good step towards finally putting this issue to a final rest because it’s more so a win-win situation for all the parties involved.
He confessed not wanting Ghanaians to lose out on the war because if Ghanaians shops are closed in Nigeria, Togo, Benin, Cameroun, Gabon and other countries, it will hit them hard more, and moreover too Ghanaians at home in Ghana needs to operate freely in their markets and make profits as well, so Ghana Govt reversing the decision and also choosing the option of land allocation for Nigerian traders to build their market is close to perfection in putting this issue to a final rest, this new stand of Ghana government is one of insight and intelligence he concluded.
 Nigerian traders protest that led to the new development.
The Eviction order from the Ministry of Trade and Industry with a push from the Ghana Union of Traders Association (GUTA),that resulted in clamp downs on their businesses has caused panic grips among Nigerian Traders in Ghana, this is after a month notice given to them to quit their act of engaging retail business in Ghana’s traditional Markets elapsed a almost 2 weeks ago.
• Nigerian traders complain to High Commission earlier
This action prompted the All Nigerian Community in Ghana (ANC – Ghana); a body that looks into the welfare of Nigerians living in Ghana in collaboration with Nigerian Union of Traders Association in Ghana (NUTAG) to organized a Press – Conference and a March Protest to the Nigerians High Commissioner to explain their grievances on Trade Issue and also to seek for the protection of their businesses in Ghana from the Government back home.
The press statement sought the Intervention of President John Dramani Mahama as the Chairman of ECOWAS to loud his voice on ECOWAS Protocol Treaty for the free movement of people Goods and Services across the borders of the Sub-Region as both countries are members, the Traders entreated the President John Mahama who is also the ECOWAS Chairman to raise a strong dialogue to ensure that the problem between GUTA and NUTAG is resolved once and for all, because the Trade Issue has always been like a sleeping Dog that sleeps and wakeup from time to time, adding to the fact that it consumes time and money and can result to hostilities among the citizens of the two nation. “It needs to be solved amicably via dialogue with the major players concerned by the issue and with representatives from the Government of the two Nations” ,and appealed to President Mahama to reconsider the decision to implement the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (Gipc), Law that Prohibits foreigners in the Country from doing Retail business.
the associations in their statement also pleaded to the Hon. Speaker Edward Kobby Doe Adjaho to be mild on the Trade prohibition law from the floor House on non-Ghanaians engaging retail business as stated in Sections: 27 (1) (a) and ‘28’ (2) of the GIPC Law 2013, Act ‘865’ which stated that a person who is not a citizen or an enterprise which is not wholly owned by a citizen should not participate in the Sale of goods or provision of services in a market place eg Petty Trading or Hawking or Selling of goods in a stall at any market place “and” A person who is not a citizen may engage in a trading enterprise if the person invest in the enterprise not less than US$ 1 million in cash or goods and services relevant to the Investment.
They also drew attention of the Minister of trade Ghana and members of Parliament to temper justice with mercy on the Domestic Law on Trade Prohibition for foreigners doing retail business in Ghana because the Law will have serious consequences on foreign traders in the Country.
Mr. Moses Owharo, the President of All Nigerian Community in Ghana (ANC-Ghana) on his part said it’s tantamount to crime against humanity if the Ghana Govt goes ahead with this clamp down on Nigerian traders on so short a notice, because effects of implementing the Law will be hard on many families since these traders do not have other options of livelihood apart from Trading ,besides majority of these traders are from the eastern part of Nigerians (Igbos) and they are known for Business all over the World ,not only in Ghana alone.
He added,it is a matter of great concern against the backdrop of the upkeep of their Ghanaian wives and husbands given as Inter-Marriages between Ghanaians and Nigerians are high among these traders and particularly the future of their children who are also half Ghanaians.
He then pleaded for leniency from the Ghana Government as the two nations are friends and brethren in sub-Sahara region of Africa and are entwined in history, culture, Inter-marriage, Economic, and Educational aspects of life.
He voiced out strongly that NUTAG was not to question the rational for the Trade prohibition Law or challenge the Authority of Government, but rather,are appealing Law-makers for leniency and for the Government to reconsider and resolve not to Implement the said Domestic Law of the land at this time.
He also indicated that Nigerian traders had made immense contributions to the Ghanaian Economy in the areas of employments, Taxations, Infrastructures, Manpower and also likewise Ghanaians doing business in Nigeria so Ghana Government should see to second thought to this domestic Law to put temper unto it, as Government of the people, it needs to protect the interest of both parties and let not history repeat itself like it did in the past.
“We need to play maturity in our differences as we are two giants of the ECOWAS Region and others look upto us,-Nigerians- the Destination and Ghana the gateway to Africa. We should not allow politics and activists to destroy the house we build for ECOWAS unity and peace in the region for over 34 years of ECOWAS Integrations, liberation. We need each other, no country is sufficient on its own.”
“We need to Jaw-Jaw this trade Issue and bring a lasting solution to it, we plead for the Government for a reconsideration of the Implementation of the Trade Prohibition Law and think twice on the implications that may bring to the two countries. We are all working towards the progress and development of our people in the sub-region.” He concluded.

Ghana-Nigeria Trade War Over…?

Nigeria Traders to build their Market in Ghana
The latest Press Release by the Nigeria High Commissioner Amb. Ademola Oluseyi Onafowokan, with members of the Nigeria Media Center has given Nigerian Traders relief on the lingering trade issue with GUTA, Amb.Onafowokan confirmed to Nigerian Media houses in Ghana that after talks held between hi m and the members of the Ministry of Trade and Industry Ghana few dews ago, the ministry of trade has given directives for land to be allocated for building of Nigerian Market in the regions of Ghana.
The Career Diplomat Amb.Onafowokan commended the president of Ghana John Dramani Mahama, the foreign Minister Miss Hanna Tetteh, Hon. Haruna Idrissu the minister of labour and productivity, and confessed being extremely and most grateful to the new minister of trade Hon. Ekow Spio -Garbrah and his deputy Mr. Murtala Mohammed for their deep understanding of the importance of trade and international economic relations in the affairs of the nations, he lauded the new minister of trade for saying it categorically that it will not augur well for west Africa, if traders shops are locked and they are forced to go back to their countries, in the absence of what to do because if same treatments are met to Ghanaians it will affect the economic situation of Ghanaians who are also trading in other countries “ I appreciate the wisdom of Hon. Ekow Spio-Garbah and the new tolerant stand of the Ghanaian government and its people which is very considerate and fair ,via reconsidering the decision of clamping down on retail traders in Ghana and also taking steps to ensure that closed Nigerian shops were re-opened, and foreign traders are once more protected and can do their business and live free in Ghana without fear of molestation again ”
Hon Ekow Spio- Garbrah Minister of Trade and Industry Ghana
This was out of the result of Nigeria High commissioners visit to the ministry of trade and Industry Ghana following the peaceful demonstration of the embittered traders to the High commission after closures of their shops.
The meeting which resulted to this new positive development was actually undertaken by Amb.Onafowokan to make complaints on the incessant harassment of foreign traders which includes Nigerian traders in traditional markets of Ghanaians, which he found strange because Nigerians and Ghanaians have been trading side by side in those markets for over 100 years peacefully, and why the sudden change of attitude, and was happy by the high sense of understanding demonstrated by the ministry of trade and Industry Ghana that resulted in something positive coming out of the meeting ” The Ghanaian Government has done the wisest thing, and I commend them for knowing what to do in the face of such a delicate issue which also involves satisfying the interest of their citizens but moreover of gratifying the collective interest of Africans as a people thereby contributing to the economic growth of the ECOWAS Region, On the land allocation to be given to Nigerian community Ghana for erecting of their market, we plead for the assistance of Federal Government of Nigeria back home to assist in building the market, we the Nigeria High commission though we don’t have money to give them, we will work hard to ensure that this land allocation becomes a reality.”
When questioned by the media on the time frame on the fulfillment of the promise of land allocation he answered that no time was given but the Nigeria high commission has already responded to the promise with a letter immediately to ensure that the trail doesn’t go cold and the promise for land allocation be redeemed in the shortest time possible.
The high commissioner also confirmed that the land allocation for foreigners market or Nigerian market will not be in Accra alone, but in other affected regions like Kumasi, Ho, Wa , koforidua, Brong Ahafo and wherever they don’t want Nigerian traders in their markets and need them to move.
Amb.Onafowokan believes that Nigerian traders will appreciate this development because they agreed to this notion when he raised it before them during their visit, and it’s a good step towards finally putting this issue to a final rest because it’s more so a win-win situation for all the parties involved.
He confessed not wanting Ghanaians to lose out on the war because if Ghanaians shops are closed in Nigeria, Togo, Benin, Cameroun, Gabon and other countries, it will hit them hard more, and moreover too Ghanaians at home in Ghana needs to operate freely in their markets and make profits as well, so Ghana Govt reversing the decision and also choosing the option of land allocation for Nigerian traders to build their market is close to perfection in putting this issue to a final rest, this new stand of Ghana government is one of insight and intelligence he concluded.
 Nigerian traders protest that led to the new development.
The Eviction order from the Ministry of Trade and Industry with a push from the Ghana Union of Traders Association (GUTA),that resulted in clamp downs on their businesses has caused panic grips among Nigerian Traders in Ghana, this is after a month notice given to them to quit their act of engaging retail business in Ghana’s traditional Markets elapsed a almost 2 weeks ago.
• Nigerian traders complain to High Commission earlier
This action prompted the All Nigerian Community in Ghana (ANC – Ghana); a body that looks into the welfare of Nigerians living in Ghana in collaboration with Nigerian Union of Traders Association in Ghana (NUTAG) to organized a Press – Conference and a March Protest to the Nigerians High Commissioner to explain their grievances on Trade Issue and also to seek for the protection of their businesses in Ghana from the Government back home.
The press statement sought the Intervention of President John Dramani Mahama as the Chairman of ECOWAS to loud his voice on ECOWAS Protocol Treaty for the free movement of people Goods and Services across the borders of the Sub-Region as both countries are members, the Traders entreated the President John Mahama who is also the ECOWAS Chairman to raise a strong dialogue to ensure that the problem between GUTA and NUTAG is resolved once and for all, because the Trade Issue has always been like a sleeping Dog that sleeps and wakeup from time to time, adding to the fact that it consumes time and money and can result to hostilities among the citizens of the two nation. “It needs to be solved amicably via dialogue with the major players concerned by the issue and with representatives from the Government of the two Nations” ,and appealed to President Mahama to reconsider the decision to implement the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (Gipc), Law that Prohibits foreigners in the Country from doing Retail business.
the associations in their statement also pleaded to the Hon. Speaker Edward Kobby Doe Adjaho to be mild on the Trade prohibition law from the floor House on non-Ghanaians engaging retail business as stated in Sections: 27 (1) (a) and ‘28’ (2) of the GIPC Law 2013, Act ‘865’ which stated that a person who is not a citizen or an enterprise which is not wholly owned by a citizen should not participate in the Sale of goods or provision of services in a market place eg Petty Trading or Hawking or Selling of goods in a stall at any market place “and” A person who is not a citizen may engage in a trading enterprise if the person invest in the enterprise not less than US$ 1 million in cash or goods and services relevant to the Investment.
They also drew attention of the Minister of trade Ghana and members of Parliament to temper justice with mercy on the Domestic Law on Trade Prohibition for foreigners doing retail business in Ghana because the Law will have serious consequences on foreign traders in the Country.
Mr. Moses Owharo, the President of All Nigerian Community in Ghana (ANC-Ghana) on his part said it’s tantamount to crime against humanity if the Ghana Govt goes ahead with this clamp down on Nigerian traders on so short a notice, because effects of implementing the Law will be hard on many families since these traders do not have other options of livelihood apart from Trading ,besides majority of these traders are from the eastern part of Nigerians (Igbos) and they are known for Business all over the World ,not only in Ghana alone.
He added,it is a matter of great concern against the backdrop of the upkeep of their Ghanaian wives and husbands given as Inter-Marriages between Ghanaians and Nigerians are high among these traders and particularly the future of their children who are also half Ghanaians.
He then pleaded for leniency from the Ghana Government as the two nations are friends and brethren in sub-Sahara region of Africa and are entwined in history, culture, Inter-marriage, Economic, and Educational aspects of life.
He voiced out strongly that NUTAG was not to question the rational for the Trade prohibition Law or challenge the Authority of Government, but rather,are appealing Law-makers for leniency and for the Government to reconsider and resolve not to Implement the said Domestic Law of the land at this time.
He also indicated that Nigerian traders had made immense contributions to the Ghanaian Economy in the areas of employments, Taxations, Infrastructures, Manpower and also likewise Ghanaians doing business in Nigeria so Ghana Government should see to second thought to this domestic Law to put temper unto it, as Government of the people, it needs to protect the interest of both parties and let not history repeat itself like it did in the past.
“We need to play maturity in our differences as we are two giants of the ECOWAS Region and others look upto us,-Nigerians- the Destination and Ghana the gateway to Africa. We should not allow politics and activists to destroy the house we build for ECOWAS unity and peace in the region for over 34 years of ECOWAS Integrations, liberation. We need each other, no country is sufficient on its own.”
“We need to Jaw-Jaw this trade Issue and bring a lasting solution to it, we plead for the Government for a reconsideration of the Implementation of the Trade Prohibition Law and think twice on the implications that may bring to the two countries. We are all working towards the progress and development of our people in the sub-region.” He concluded.

Jehovah Witness ask members not to vote

As Nigerians prepare to elect new leaders that will run the affairs of the country in the next four years, members of Jehovah’s Witness have been banned from participating in the electoral process and by implication, they are forbidden from voting for any candidate or contesting in any election.



They claimed that participating in an election was satanic and contrary to God’s commandment.

Findings revealed that members of Jehovah’s Witness were warned not to obtain voter’s cards and that they should not vote during the elections.

The directive was not a mere order as any member found participating or voting during the elections will be excommunicated.

When our reporter spoke to some of the members who confirmed the directive, they claimed that the order was right because they are still waiting for the kingdom of God that is yet to be establshed on earth.

A minister in the congregation, James Uduok, explained that every member of Jehovah’s Witness knows that participating in election is satanic and contrary to the will of God.

Uduok said that the teaching of the Witness was strongly embedded in the Bible and all members must adhere strictly to the teaching or leave the congregation.

The members defended their decision not to vote or get involved in the electoral process by quoting Mathew 6: 9 and Mathew 4: 8.

Mathew 6: 9 says: “This is how you should pray: Our Father in heaven may your holy name be honoured. May your kingdom come.”

To members of Jehovah’s Witness, this scripture implies that the kingdom of God has not come and they are still waiting for it to come.

Also, Mathew 4: 8 is a scripture that dwells on how the devil took Jesus to a high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and promised to give them to Him if He bowed down and worshipped him. Members of Jehovah’s Witness claim that this world belongs to satan and insist that God’s kingdom has not yet come.

When our reporter sought the views of non members, especially pastors, their response was contrary to the teaching of the Witnesses.

Pastor Jude Chukwurah noted that their belief was strange because the same Bible mandated Christians to respect constituted authority.

“God recognises leadership and authority of leaders in the society,” he said.
Chukwurah said even in ages past, there was clamour for leaders as reported in the Bible and the people elected their leaders.

Another pastor, Michael James, said the Witnesses are misinterpreting the Bible and should be ignored.


He warned that their belief was not consistent with biblical teaching, adding that if such teaching is followed it could lead their members to imbibe false doctrine that could lead them to hell.

Residents sabotage governments's effort in figthing insurgents

Coordinated attacks by Boko Haram on Maiduguri, Konduga and Monguno in Borno State confirmed claims that there are moles in the North-East who divulge military operations to insurgents. There were also hints that the Armed Forces may have intended to dislodge terrorists in order to clear the entire region for a peaceful polls next month.
Sources said this week’s attacks were a desperate and diversionary attempt to pre-empt a massive onslaught  and create an escape route for Boko Haram commanders.
The sources said, “but the most callous aspect of the attacks was the conscription and deployment of child-soldiers, teenage-female suicide bombers and animals to frustrate troops.
Senior military officers knowledgeable in military tactics and operations concerning plans to launch the “wipe off” attack on terrorists infested locations in the North East said the attacks on the three towns could be a further confirmation of allegations that there were Boko Haram moles in high places.
“It is common knowledge that the military were preparing a comprehensive onslaught on the Boko Haram terrorists in an operation meant to rid the entire region of insurgency in time for the general elections.
According to the source, last weekend’s multiple strike by the insurgents was meant to slow down or even prevent and divert the attention of the military from commencing the determined operation against them.
The source noted that the pattern of the attack was also common to the terrorists who embark upon such desperate and unlikely to succeed attacks just to create room for commanders to escape from their camps in view of impending military raids in the areas.
The source said: “The increasing use of child fighters and women in their campaign of terror in the recent encounter is quite baffling. They used animals, armed children and occasional women to confront the soldiers while their commanders operate from the back and mostly in the armoured vehicles”
Some residents of the three towns were also blamed for aiding and abetting the terrorists by providing information about troops’ movements and wonder how the military can succeed in the fight against terrorists when those they are supposed to be defending are the real enemies.
“The recent retreat of soldiers from Monguno occurred following betrayal of the troops by some locals who leaked some information to the terrorists and subsequent attacks from strange locations within the community.
Unfortunately, troops do not have the same leeway to operate like terrorists because they are bound to observe international rules of engagement.


“Attacks or retaliation by the military on suspected areas occupied by civilians could be tagged as human right abuse and negating international conventions on rules of engagements.

Sunday, 25 January 2015

One Japanese hostage of ISIS has been executed, according to new video and 10 More


http://mashable.com/2015/01/24/japan-government-isis-video/?utm_content=feature_img&utm_cid=mash-prod-email-topstories&utm_emailalert=daily&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=dailyOne 

Japanese hostage of ISIS has been executed, according to new video





A Japanese hostage held by ISIS has been beheaded and another is being held as ransom, according to a video that surfaced online Saturday. 

Father throws two weeks old daughter into lagoon


■ Mother of baby thrown into lagoon cries out
■ Culprit set free by naval authorities
Almost three years after her baby was callously thrown into the Lagos lagoon, by the naval rating that impregnated her in the course of a short-lived marriage, Glory Yusuf, has opened up on the horrible experience.
For nine long months, Glory bore the pain and stress of pregnancy. Like every other woman expecting her first child, she had great expectations for her unborn child. On the day of her baby’s birth, she struggled to stay alive for her child.
Even when the pain of childbirth overwhelmed her body, she still man­aged to heed all the instructions from the healthcare givers who helped with the labour.
Finally, Glory pushed out her child into the world. It was a bouncing baby girl! There was joy in her heart and immediately, the pains started to recede.
Eight days after, she staged a naming ceremony during which she named her bundle of joy Happiness. No doubt, she expected that the girl would become for her a source of un­ending happiness.
The only person who was not happy with the birth of Happiness was her own father, Moses Joseph, a naval rating. Few days after Hap­piness was born, her father came for her, but not with love in his eyes. He came with a sneaking determination to commit murder.
After two failed attempts at getting the baby from the mother, Joseph resorted to taking the law into his own hands. He hired thugs, went af­ter the mother of the child with arms and eventually snatched her from its mother.
The incident happened in the dark hours of February 2, 2012 at the Boundary Ajegunle area of Lagos. The baby was just two weeks old.
Sunday Sun met with the young woman recently, and discovered rather painfully that the man who had bagged a 10-year jail term following a court-martial by the Nigerian Navy has since been set free.
That sobering fact just added to the pain of the mother of the victim who told our reporter that she is yet to find rest ever since the brutal end of her baby’s life.
With pain in her eyes, Glory strug­gled to recall the story as it happened. “He came to my house after the nam­ing ceremony and demanded for the baby. I refused because I didn’t know what he wanted to do with a one-week-old baby.
“He then told me that he wanted to take the baby to the motherless babies home. And I was like ‘God forbid, how can you take my baby to a motherless babies home when I am still alive?’ I refused to let him take the baby that day and he fought me.”
Glory conceived Happiness in the course of an inchoate marital rela­tionship. Trouble started after Glory discovered that Joseph was married and had lied to her about his status. It happened while her pregnancy was approaching five months. A woman visited the couple with two children.
Joseph had told Glory that the woman was his late brother’s wife and that she had come to beg for school fees for the children. She swallowed the story hook, line and sinker.
Three days after, she discovered that the woman was actually Joseph’s wife and the children, the fruits of his union with her. When she demand­ed an explanation, the man told her to abort her pregnancy now that she knows about his marriage.
Since she was not given to abor­tion, Glory left the house and strug­gled her way through the pregnan­cy. It was surprising to have Joseph making a demand for the child after he had asked her to terminate it.
Continuing her narration, Glory said that in his efforts to have the child, Joseph beat her to a coma and seized the child.
“I did not even know when he took the baby away. It was even my neig­hours that ran after him and took the baby from him. They told him that he couldn’t take away such a young baby like that from its mother. When I woke up, they gave me my baby and told me what had happened. I was so grateful to them. After that, I called my mother and told her that the father of my baby wanted to take the child from me. And she then promised to come to Lagos from our state, Kogi.
“The very day my mother entered Lagos was the second time the man came back for the child. After greet­ing my mother, he said he wanted to take the baby. My mother was very angry with him. She asked him what he wanted to do with a week-old baby and if something was wrong with him. After quarrelling with my mother, he promised to come back for the child. In my mind, I thought that he would come back the way he had been coming. But the night he came back, he came with about eight-armed men around 3:00am.
“They pointed a gun at me and demanded for the baby. But I re­fused to give them the child. Then they knocked my mother down and said they were going to shoot me if I didn’t give them the baby. Then my mother started begging me to give them the child since it was the father of the baby that is asking for her. At a point I had to let them take the baby and they went off with her. As they were leaving, I started shouting and ran after them. That was when I saw the father of my baby outside with those boys. He didn’t enter the room with them. They started their bikes and left.
“Then I ran inside, took my phone and started calling him to return my baby, but his number was not going through. I kept trying the number till 4:00am, but it was not going through. So, I ran to their barracks. When the gateman saw me crying, he asked what the matter was and I told him. He said the matter was beyond him, that he would take me to the barracks chief. After hearing my story, the bar­racks chief asked me if I was sure of what I just told him and I said yes. Then he asked them to call the man.
“When they called him, he said he was at Boundary where his baby was stolen. The barracks chief then ordered him back to the barracks. When he got there, I held him and begged him to return my baby, but he denied knowledge of the incident. He was even telling me to go and look for his baby. The barracks chief then asked me again and I told him that I was sure the man came with the peo­ple that took my baby. In fact, if I see the very man that took the baby from me I can still recognize him. The barracks chief then took us to Navy Town.
“When we got to the town, the man was still denying. So, they said they would take the matter to the overalloga upstairs, so that the oga will ask the man the question himself. As they were going, the father of my baby gave his phones and N17,000 to one Hausa boy that has been follow­ing us. He told the boy that he was expecting a call from the mother of his children; that when she calls he should direct her to the Navy Town and give her the money. As they were going up, one of the phones started ringing. When the boy picked it, one of the boys who snatched the baby from me was heard saying: oga, where are you now? We are at Ma­rine Beach waiting, but you are not here. Come and settle us now.’
“The boy cut the call, took the phone to a military police officer that was also there and reported what he heard. The officer then took the phone from him and called the boys back and started speaking Hausa to them. When he asked who they were, the boys became angry and were like: ‘So, you don’t know us again. We followed you to your girlfriend’s house to take your baby. Now, you don’t know who we are.’
“As a result of that phone call, they did not take him up again. Instead, they put the man in a vehicle and with some other military police officers and drove him to the Marine Beach. When they got there, they called back the number and that was where they arrested two of those boys; Ilaya and Bello. After they were questioned, the boys explained how they collect­ed the baby and that when they left my house; they had put the baby in an Indomie carton and thrown her into the lagoon. When they said that, I was shattered. I was crying; that they should go into the water and get my baby. Even if it was her corpse; that I wanted to see my baby again,” she said amid tears.
By this time, Glory was fighting hard to keep the tears away, but with­out much success. You could see a woman who has been through a lot in one lifetime.
Following that revelation, the woman said the Nigerian Navy promised to handle the matter. “After the trial, they told me that they sen­tenced the man to 10 years impris­onment; and that the case was over. I could not believe it, but because I did not have anybody that would sup­port me, I just left the matter in God’s hands,” Glory said.
As if that was not enough, Glory claimed that not long after the jail term was handed down, she started seeing the same man who killed her child.
“It was not up to six months when I started to see him. The first time, I saw him at Airways Bus Stop here in Apapa as I was going to CMS. He was on bike and in Navy uniform. Another time, I saw him at Ajegunle in the night. He was wearing only the Navy beret. Even as at December, I still saw him.”
Glory, who said she would like to move on with her life, told our reporter that she could not find rest until justice was served in the murder of her infant daughter. “Every time I remember the things I went through having that baby, I just want to die. I am tired. I can’t even sleep at night. I am worried,” she said, fighting back the tears.
Following the incident, Glory said she lost the job she was doing on La­gos Island because she was always going from one place to another in search of justice. The court case was also taking much of her time and as a result, her employer disengaged her.
So, right now, she is struggling to eke out a living with no tangible source of livelihood. But uppermost in her mind is her desire to ensure that the killer of her child is duly brought to book. “Nobody has the right to take away the life of my child like that. It is God that created her and I am sure that he has a purpose for her life. I just want her killer to face the full weight of the law.” Before the Navy took up the matter, Access to Justice had commenced a Coroner’s inquest into the death of the infant. But on the request of the Navy, the matter was discontinued at the time.
So, in its reaction to the release of the Naval rating, the NGO said the action was highly condemnable. “It is distressing to discover that, less than two years after Joseph was sen­tenced by the Naval Court Martial, he has since been walking the streets a free man in uniform having been released on the basis of an alleged administrative review by the Navy for which the decease’s mother, Miss Glory Yusuf was never notified.
“This so called administrative re­lease of the Naval Rating is a cause for grave concern as it is bewildering to imagine that the Nigerian Navy could release a man whose conduct was so barbaric and inhumane when he had not served out his jail term.
“What is worse is that Mr. Joseph still retains his employment as a ser­vice man within the Nigerian Navy despite the guilty verdict handed down by the Court Martial. This action by the Nigerian Navy clearly demonstrates its disregard for human life, particularly the life of the two weeks old innocent child that was intentionally taken away by her own father.
“Access to Justice is concerned that this action by the Nigerian Navy sends negative indications to the pub­lic that naval officers responsible for any criminal act against civilians can easily escape the arm of justice under administrative guise and be fully re­warded thereafter with the retention of their stewardship.
The body called on the Lagos State Government, the Attorney General of Lagos State and stakeholders in the justice sector “to demonstrate their commitment to enhancing respect for human life by immediately tak­ing steps to inquire into the circum­stances of the naval rating’s release to demonstrate that the state govern­ment would not condone or tolerate law enforcement agents’ arbitrariness and abuse of civilian’s rights,” the statement read in part.



I’m angry with Jonathan–Dokubo Asari



COUTESY CHIDI OBINECHE
Alhaji Mujahid Dokubo Asari, ex-mili­tant and leader of Niger Delta Volun­teers Force (NDVF) is angry.
He sees Nigeria as a huge contraption that is bound to collapse..
For him, his greatest desire is to see the country break up, even as he urges the South and the Middle belt to rise up and confront those he said have an unhidden mission to conquer and dominate everywhere.
A glimpse: “So for them, their grip on pow­er, their intention for which they left Guinea, spreading death and destruction, destroying Borgu, destroying Kanem Bornu, destroy­ing Kwararafa, destroying the Oyo Empire, destroying the Gbagis, destroying the Katafs, destroying all civilizations on their way to take power is fading. They know that it will not last forever.”
He vows to lead the battle to debunk the myth of ‘born to rule’ which has been their driving force.
He describes Gideon Orkah, the leader of the April 1991 botched coup d’etat against ex-president Ibrahim Babangida, which excised large portions of the North- west from Nige­ria, as a prophet who saw what many did not see.
Dokubo warns those who deride Jonathan not to dare “a deaf and dumb man” by push­ing him to the wall as his bid to get off the wall may be catastrophic for them.
Saying that Rivers State governor is a trai­tor, he likened him to the biblical Judas Is­cariot, who committed suicide after betraying Jesus.
He speaks more on Obasanjo, February polls, and related issues. Excerpts:
Ahead of the general elections next month, what are your basic fears?
Normally, elections are special when a northern candidate, a Gambari candidate is involved. They believe that they will resort to violence. Reports of violence have been coming in, in Kaduna, where somebody driv­ing the president’s branded bus was beaten to the point of coma. A couple of days ago, a bus was burnt in Jos North; a branded bus of the president was burnt in Jos North. The arsonists were chanting, “Haram me, Muna fike kafere. Baba yoyo oyo yo. Sai Buhari.” It’s all recorded. These are the things that will trigger retaliation. In Rivers State today, APC secretariat in Okirika Local Government Area has been bombed according to reports. There was also a reported case of shooting of APC members. People are not going to fold their arms. There would be actions and reactions from the North and the South. This is very, very unhealthy, because at all times, they initiate violence and people just ignore them and say let us forget about them; why are we bothering about them? This cannot continue forever. People have to stand up to defend themselves. These are the fears, because they know that in every free and fair election, they will not be able to get underage children to vote. We all saw underage children collect­ing PVCs, very openly. Nobody confronted them, they did it openly. They will incite and scare people away from coming out to vote. The insurgency which they masterminded to make the government of Goodluck Jonathan not to be able to have a grip over the country is raging as a result of the promise they made after the last elections that they will make the country ungovernable for Goodluck.
You said if the violence continues, it may spark off some reactions?
The reactions are already there with what has happened in Rivers State, and I know that it’s going to spread all over the South very soon, it’s going to spread. Look at what is happening in Lagos State, where posters of PDP candidates are being torn, and I saw somebody on television boasting, talking that there is a law. So, the law permits APC to paste their posters and the PDP not to paste their posters? If you drive out, on federal roads, federal highways, federal pavements, PDP posters are being torn, APC posters are spared. I drove round Lagos Third Main­land Bridge and all the expressways which are owned by the Federal Government and maintained by the Federal Government. La­gos State Government officials are bringing bad policies in the name of APC, going about defacing posters.
Don’t you think this is just the icing on the cake, and elections may not hold now that violence is erupting?
It’s for the North and their supporters to moderate their actions, because they had al­ways been the people to initiate violence. It’s for them to moderate, see reason and live with human beings.They want to reduce us to their level. But there is nothing we can do about it. If they want us to come to their level, there is no other option than to come to their level. We will not fold our arms and die. We will not fold our arms and watch them take the man­date that was freely given to Goodluck, that  will be freely given to him on February 14 to continue for another four uninterrupted years until 2019. So, we are not going to fold our arms and watch them fight people, and watch them have an exclusivity to violence.
They say actions beget reactions. The way things are going now, Nigeria is like standing on a tinder box. If the North do not let go, if they don’t allow Jonathan rule if he wins, on your own part, what are you going to do?
Jonathan will win, no matter the way they want it, he will win. So, they are the ones who have problems.
But in the North, they don’t support Jonathan, and if you look at the pos­sible voters’ dispersal index, you will see who will possibly win in the elec­tion?
The voting in the last elections was very clear. Apart from Taraba State, no part of the North east and North west voted for Jonathan. We keep records.
So you are saying that Jonathan can still bounce back without their sup­port?
He will win. This is the map of the 2011 elections (opens i-Pad to show the delineation in the voting pattern of Nigerians) red is for CPC, green for PDP. Taraba is the only state that they did not win. PDP got Plateau, Nas­sarawa, Kogi, Benue, Abuja, Kwara in the North central.
But politics is dynamic. Things have since changed since 2011 and there are two grey areas APC is latching on to swing votes, and these are insecu­rity and corruption. Things have really changed in voters loyalty switch. You don’t think so?
Which corruption are you talking about?
The talk is that Jonathan is con­doning corruption and that they will stamp it out, if they win.
Excuse me please. There are about 800 governments in Nigeria. We have 774 local governments. We have 36 states and Abuja and that is over 800 governments. Sixty-four local governments in Kano State are under an APC governor. Is it Jonathan that diverts Local government money? Money meant for the local governments. The budget of three states controlled by APC is almost the entire budget of the federation. The budget of Rivers State, the budget of Lagos State, the budget of Kano State are almost the budget of the federal government, N400 and something bil­lion, and N500 and something billion budgets for Rivers and Lagos. The Federal Govern­ment budget is close to N4 trillion. So, these governments are controlled by APC. What have they done about corruption? The Federal Government is just one tier of government, and when you look at it, it’s not even up to a quarter of the budget of all the local govern­ments and states put together. So, which cor­ruption are we talking about?
You see, people get easily deceived. You go home and ask your local government chair­man, whether he is APC or PDP or APGA what he has done with the money allocated to him monthly. In most of the states, elections are not held. The governors of these states, mostly APC states confiscate local govern­ment money and they use it as they deem fit. So, how? where? what corruption? The peo­ple who stand to talk as if everybody is a fool, as if they are going to pull a wool over our eyes and we won’t know what has happened in Lagos State, Rivers State, Akwa Ibom State, Edo State, Kano State, Delta State, Borno State and Yobe State should equally concern all of us. I think that corruption is not peculiar to the Federal Government. Corrup­tion is endemic and it cuts across all the tiers of government.
There is palpable fear especially from feelers in the North that if Jona­than returns to power, the country may disintegrate. Don’t you habour that fear too?
I will be very happy if Nigeria disintegrates. It will be the greatest thing that will happen in my lifetime. It will be the fulfillment of my greatest wishes and aspirations.
Why do you say so?
I hate… I am not a Nigerian. Why should anybody force me to be a Nigerian. Where did I sit down with anybody to accept to be a Ni­gerian? Where? I never sat with anybody. So, it would be the greatest fulfillment of my wish and aspiration. It is my dream come true. Hav­ing said that, they don’t have the monopoly of violence. They should be told. They should be made to understand that they don’t have. Nobody will tolerate them any longer.
But as arms are pouring into the Boko Haram enclave, there is peace on this other side, the south. No pro­liferation of weapons…
(cuts in) Then the people in the South are stupid. If they tied their hands, I certainly have not tied my hands. I am not waiting for any­body. I will protect myself, my family, my community and my country. The right to life is the greatest right. It’s the first right that is accorded to me by God, and by everything that exists. So, as far as I am concerned, if any southerner sits down and folds his arms, and thinks that he will not prepare to defend himself and wait for the North, as they come from Guinea to overrun him, then he has him­self to blame. I will not be that foolish, and those who believe in me and listen to me are not waiting. They are preparing. We too are preparing and we are waiting for them and Insha Allah, because we stand for justice, we will defeat them.
The Gambaris as you call them hinge their opposition to Jonathan on the reason that they believe that he is usurping their slot in the zoning arrangement of the PDP. The argu­ment is that a northerner should have stepped into Yara’Adua’s shoes when he died and not Jonathan. Are you fazed by that?
You see people don’t go with the whims and caprices of individuals. Countries are ruled by laws and the greatest law, the law that governs the country is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as they call it. The con­stitution says that when a president dies, the vice president takes over; when a president is incapacitated, the vice president takes over. And the constitution clearly states that every citizen has the right to aspire for any office. And in every democracy, the right of first offer is given to the sitting president by his political party. In their belief that they are born to rule, they make rules they think are superior to the constitution. It was not the right of any other people when Yakubu Gowon was succeeded by Murtala Mohammed. After Murtala Mo­hammed, they brought Olusegun Obasanjo, who was overshadowed by Yar’Adua. It was their right. Then Shagari took over, Shagari handed over to Babangida, Babangida hand­ed over to Abacha; Abacha handed over to Abdulsalam. Then they brought Olusegun Obasanjo, their puppet, who handed over to Yar’Adua. You see, for the first time, some­body has become president that they did not decide for the people.
So, for them, their grip on power, their in­tention, for which they left Guinea, spread­ing death and destruction, destroying Borgu, destroying Kanem Borno, destroying Kwara­rafa, destroying the Oyo empire, destroying the Gbagis, destroying the Katafs, destroying all civilizations on their way to take power is fading. They know that it will not last forever. And they see that Nigeria is their most prized trophy in their battle for the subjugation of the nations which are indigenous to this part of the world. They have been defeated in the Central African Republic (CAR), the aborigines, the owners of CAR have kicked them out of their land. And they know that if that continues, if it starts in Cameroun, if the Cameroonians also do the same thing, it will come to us. And with this, we will finally kick them out and rid ourselves of their colonial mentality and sov­ereignty. They know it, and our people are not aware of the historical importance of the inva­sion of our land by these people from Guinea.
They know that instead of living amicably with other nationalities, as strangers on our land, not offending our sensibilities, insult­ing us, they keep on exhibiting high sense of insensibility towards the owners of the land. Even though they have committed genocide, all manners of crime against us, we still have the large heart to accommodate them. It’s for me, for most of us who know these historical facts and their importance to our lives, a re­sponsibility to say the truth. We believe that Gideon Orkah was a prophet. He was a proph­et who saw beyond what all of us could not see. When he stood up and said these people would be excised from Nigeria, that they have to purge themselves of this feeling of coloniz­ing other people, to take what belongs to oth­ers, that they have to first of all purge them­selves, and if we are satisfied that they have totally done that, that there is a purgation of this noxious idea of born to rule, then we will admit them back to live with us as equals. But many people did not know.
Former vice-president Alex Ekwueme recently exploded saying he has been betrayed and neglected and the Igbos have also been be­trayed by Jonathan, and as a result he cannot guarantee bloc Igbo votes for Jonathan in the forthcoming presi­dential elections. What is your view on that?
I am very, very disappointed when elders become childish and senile. If there is one man that I respect and I look up to, if there is one man that I see as a role model, it’s Alex Ekwueme. So, Buhari who put him in prison when he committed no crime, put him in Kirikiri and left Shagari under house arrest is the one that has not betrayed the Igbos?. What did Obasanjo do for him, when he was presi­dent? What did Yar’Adua do for him when he was president? A Goodluck Jonathan, under who an Igbo man for the first time became Chief of Army Staff is now anti- Igbo? Pray, all parts of the financial sector, the economy of Nigeria are controlled by the Igbos. The Minister of Finance, Central Bank Governor, D. G. Budget, D.G, Due Process, the Nigerian Stock Exchange, Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC, are all controlled by Ig­bos. The Secretary to the Government of the Federation, SGF is an Igbo, Deputy Senate President is an Igbo, Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives is an Igbo. So how has the Igbos been betrayed?. The Second Ni­ger Bridge, nobody constructed it until now. Construction has commenced. I went there. Julius Berger was there. I saw it, and that was in October.
Today, there is an airport in Enugu. Interna­tional flights are coming into Igbo heartland. It never happened. Nobody ever permitted it. Igbos must go through Lagos. Everybody must go through Lagos. There are a lot of things happening in Igboland today. So, for somebody to say Igbos have been betrayed, I feel very scandalized and I just held my head. Because, as somebody who has Igbo blood flowing in me, I feel that the old man, some­thing must have gone wrong with him some­where, because if something has not gone wrong with him, he will know that the person he is indirectly campaigning for was the man who put him in prison without trial. It is so unfortunate.
The North appears to be homog­enous, and the South so atomistic. Don’t you think if the push comes to shove, the North will leverage on their homogeneity and ride over the entire landscape?
I don’t know what you mean by homoge­neity of the North. Where do you keep Na­sarawa State? Where do you keep Plateau? Where do you keep Taraba State? Where do you keep Kaduna State? Where do you keep Kogi State? Benue State? Where is the homo­geneity of the North? Even if they claim to be homogenous, the Gambari invaders who have made slavery acceptable to the Hausas, how have they related with other people?. So, for me, I am not a coward. Let the enemy plan, but he will fail in his plan. I believe it, I know it and I am prepared for it. And I am ready at any moment to confront the enemy and to make sure that at least whatever he tries to do this time, he will fail. And he will be humiliated, and what happened in Central Africa Republic will happen here.
Let me take you to Obasanjo. He has been making scathing criticisms of the president. But surprisingly, he showed up at his daughter’s wedding and Jonathan was persuaded to pay him a visit at his country home, Abeo­kuta. Do you trust him?
I don’t need to trust Obasanjo. I am really pissed off at the attitude of President Good­luck Jonathan in condoning this old rascal. I am really pissed off. I was to go to the wed­ding. I had already taken my bath when I heard that Obasanjo was at the wedding, I didn’t want to go and spoil anything. So, I de­cided not to go. Definitely, if I went and he says anything disparaging about me, I will re­spond. I didn’t want that to happen. So, what­ever reason Goodluck allowed him to come there is best known to both of them.
Do you not think it was out of des­peration that the president is seeking support from Obasanjo in his re-elec­tion bid?
Jonathan was not the first to go there. Obasanjo came to his daughter’s wedding. So it’s reciprocal. Jonathan said that some past leaders talk like motor park touts, and then in the next two, three days, Obasanjo surfaced at the wedding. So, Jonathan decided to pay him a visit, maybe, e get as e be, he will sup­port him. That’s why I find it difficult to seek elective offices because I cannot condescend to this sort of level. I believe that this man, Olusegun Obasanjo is evil, and should be treated as such.
Historically, each time Obasanjo makes a peace overture, something snaps. It happened in the case of the late Chuba Okadigbo, it happened with Audu Ogbeh. In fact, he even danced with Okadigbo’s wife and the next day he was impeached. He ate pounded yam with Audu Ogbeh in his house and a few days later he was sacked as national chairman of PDP. People read a lot of ominous signs into these peace overtures to Jona­than. Do you relate to this?
I cannot answer what I don’t know. The mystery is there. I am not Goodluck Jona­than. These questions are meant for Goodluck Jonathan. There are certain things I cannot do for Goodluck Jonathan or answer for him. I am an Ijaw man; I am from the south, and I support the position that it is the right of our people from the South and the middle belt to hold on to power perpetually as against those who are foreigners, who invaded our land, who continue to colonize our people. These people ordinarily should have been told to go back to where they came from. If by our magnanimity we want them, then they should be able to be amenable and accept to live with us as human beings. So, if Good­luck Jonathan plays with the destinies of the people, our collective destinies, and continues to hobnob with people like Obasanjo, who are beneficiaries of these colonial institutions of the Gambaris, then it is unfortunate. It is un­fortunate if he does not understand the histori­cal relevance of these events. I believe he will not rest on his oars. He will try to cover all areas of leakages so that the enemy will not have the exclusive power to overwhelm him. So, for me, I think that it’s very unfortunate. The president should be decisive in dealing with those who are not really against him, but against the aspirations of the collectivity of the South and the Middle belt.
Somebody from the South called for an insurrection or mutiny in the armed forces should the election fail to meet the basic test of fairness. He went ahead to say that a parallel government would be set up. Are you comfortable with that? That man is from Rivers State.
Chibuike Amaechi is a traitor, and there are ways to treat traitors. Judas was given some pieces of silver coins to betray Jesus Christ and after that he became frustrated and hanged himself. The treachery of Chibuike Amaechi? He has started getting the pay back. He wanted to become the vice presiden­tial candidate of APC. He could not get it. On February 14th , he will fail in his bid to sell the people of the South –south. And after he fails, because this is a man who said Jonathan is favouring Biafrans, who denies to be an Igbo, but recently in Abia, he said, “me I am Igbo, I speak Igbo language, ask Jonathan to speak Igbo”. He thinks he can hoodwink the people, and deceive the people. He went to Bayelsa, he put his hands in his pocket, say­ing there is no money, we are suffering. This is a man who was a houseboy to Peter Odili, a driver, a nobody; the process was manipulated for him to become what he is today. Look at his picture in 1999, when he was looking like a malnourished young man, to a governor fly­ing in a private jet, junketing from one place to another, spending billions of naira. Every­body has his day. He is having his time. Our people say ore nini. Chubuike Amaechi, even if the people do not punish him, will punish himself because he will have nowhere to go to. I am telling you because after February 14, I even say nobody should talk to him. He will commit suicide. He will commit suicide with his own hands, because when you betray your people, like Judas, the consequences will be far reaching.
For me, he is so shameless trying to say APC put up the roller coaster he called mono rail from station junction to UTC, even if it isn’t moving. They lifted the train and put it there and they show it. They think they are de­ceiving people. The people are not deceived. Goodluck Jonathan will win. If anybody at­tempts a parallel government, hmm, do not push a deaf and dumb man. When he fights back it will be terrible. They are pushing Goodluck Jonathan. They are pushing him. He did not use power like Obasanjo did in sacking Ladoja; in locking Ngige in a toilet as a governor, in chasing Dariye away, in chas­ing Fayose away, in putting Alamieyeseigha in prison. Goodluck Jonathan, because he re­fused to use these powers is clueless, is weak, is incompetent. Don’t fight with a deaf and dumb man. Whatever you are talking, he does not hear you. He can’t even express himself. So anything that enters his hand is a weapon. For us, if they make Jonathan to make a 360 degrees turn, I pity them.
I don’t pray that Goodluck Jonathan should change his nature. Sometimes I get very angry with the president. Why is the president not taking action? At times, I look back and I tell myself, maybe that is his nature. That is what has worked for him. We are not the same. If it is somebody like me that is the president, ah! by now a lot of issues would have been settled, Obasanjo will not be anywhere around and be talking. It’s Goodluck. You abuse him and he will come and sit down with you and eat with you. It’s the good side of him. Maybe that’s why God has kept him alive and successful. I pray that he should not change his nature, no matter what, to become a Dokubo Asari. Be­cause, if he becomes a Dokubo Asari, nobody will be able to stay in this country.
I listened to one APC man on television, he was talking that nobody has run out of the coun­try because this is a government that condones corruption and accommodates the corrupt. So El-Rufai that ran away when Yar’Adua was there and came back during Goodluck Jona­than’s tenure was corrupt.
That’s why he ran away. And now they are fielding him to become governor of Kaduna State. Ribadu, who until recently was with them, who ran away and came back… look, don’t dare this man, Goodluck. I am telling them, they should not dare, because when you push a man to the wall and he does not become a ghost, and he cannot pass through the wall, he will resist you, he will fight you back, and in fighting you back, it’s the fight of his life and he will not consider any other thing, his own is to fight to get himself off the wall and be able to defend himself and survive. Let us not reach that stage..If we reach that stage, the Ango Abdullahis, the lie-lie Mohammeds and all of them will regret and taste what it means to be an Obasanjo and a Buhari in government.

Friday, 23 January 2015

MAJOR TRENDS IN CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA










MAJOR TRENDS IN CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN
NIGERIA



BY



A. A. ADEYINKA



Department of Educational Foundations, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.



ABSTRACT



This is an historical survey of the major trends in the development of the school curricula
in Nigeria. The early curriculum is examined in relation to the relative roles of the Christian
Missions and the Colonial Government vis-a-vis the influence of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate. In independent Nigeria, the main trends in curriculum
development are closely related to the efforts of the Regional and Federal Governments and,
more importantly, the impact of the West African Examinations Council which, through the wide
variety of subjects examined externally, dictated the content of education in the Nigerian
Secondary Grammar Schools .



I. INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPT OF THE CURRICULUM



The curriculum could be defined in various ways In a narrow sense, the curriculum could
be considered to be synonymous with the syllabus of a subject, for example Chemistry or History
curriculum. In a wider sense, the curriculum is considered to be bigger than the syllabus of a
subject as it embodies other strategies of teaching and learning. Indeed,



The curriculum is really the entire programme of the schools' work. It is the
essential means of education. It is everything that the students and their teachers
do. Thus, it is two-fold in nature, being made up of activities, the things done, and
of the materials with which they are done (Rugg, 1936).



Carter Good (1959) defined the curriculum as ‘a group of courses or planned experiences
which a student has under the guidance of the school or college. We may modify this idea and
define the curriculum as an integrated group of courses and planned activities which pupils or
students have under the guidance of the school or college and the instruction of a number of
teachers. Essentially, the curriculum should contain four main components or elements: the
objectives or purpose, the content or subject-matter, the method or ways of passing on
knowledge, and evaluation or assessment (i.e. the procedure for testing whether or not the pupils
or students have benefited from the instructions given). So we see that the syllabus, or content is
only one of the four components of curriculum theory ,



In a more general sense, the curriculum is defined as the sum-total of all the subjects
taught in a school, college or university, that is all the subjects or groups of courses appearing on
the time table of an educational institution. For example, where a Secondary School offers
History, Geography, Christian Religious Knowledge, English Language, Literature in English,
Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Agricultural Science, Government, Economics and Principles
of Accounts, these constitute the curriculum of the school. But deeper down the line is, again, the
curriculum of each of these subjects which would, in this case, embody the four elements or
components stated above.



The idea of the curriculum, as presented here, is only applicable to formal or class-room
education, and not to traditional African or Nigerian indigenous education which is basically
informal and so without a defined curriculum. The first school curriculum that Nigeria had was the



one brought down by the Christian Missions. This was followed by the curriculum prescribed by
various examining bodies. Let us briefly examine these two categories of curriculum.



II. THE MISSIONARY CURRICULUM, 1842-1882



The first major trend in curriculum development in Nigeria was the arrival of the Christian
Missions towards the end of the first half of the nineteenth century, followed closely by the
establishment of missionary schools and the teaching of the Four R's.



From the time of their arrival from September 1842, until 1882, the Christian Missions
alone controlled the school curriculum in Nigeria. They alone opened, maintained and controlled
schools. They alone formulated the objectives, content and methods of teaching the subjects
included in the curriculum of those schools. Basically, the schools provided instructions in the four
R's: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic and Religion (Fajana, 1969). Apart from Badagry, Abeokuta and
Lagos, where the missionaries opened their first set of primary schools, there were also primary
schools in Ijaiye, Ogbomosho, Ibadan and later across the Niger in Calabar, opened through the
joint efforts of the Christian missions and the local communities.



The main objectives of the missionaries in opening these primary schools were to train
teacher-catechists, lay-readers and cooks, particularly to give the new converts basic instructions
in the English Language so that they could be more useful in the missionary work which was the
missionaries' primary assignment in Nigeria. The early mission schools were not really separated
from the Church. Apart from basic instructions in the four R's, therefore, the new converts were
gradually initiated into British ways of life as they lived with their pastor-teachers.



Although the missionaries intended to confine their activities initially to the provision of
primary education, local adherents of the various Christian denominations agitated for the
opening of secondary grammar schools in their respective local environments. These local
demands led to the opening of the Church Missionary Society (C. M. S.) Grammar School, Lagos,
in June 1859 and subsequently the Methodist Boys' High School, the Methodist Girls' High
School and the Baptist Academy. Although these grammar schools were opened in response to
local demands, the curriculum was controlled by the missionaries. The subjects offered included
English Grammar and Composition, History, Geography, Bookkeeping, Euclid's Elements, Latin
and Greek Grammar and Plain Treastises on Natural Philosophy. Hebrew and French were
taught from time to time, depending on the availability of teachers. Gymnastics also featured
prominently in the early grammar-school curriculum. Geometry, Trigonometry, Drawing, Rhetoric,
Logic, Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, Mythology and Antiquities, Chemistry, Physiology,
Geology and Botany were also taught (Ajayi, 1963). These subjects were selected from the list of
subjects being taught in British Grammar Schools at that time, and this was an aspect of the
British impact on the development of the Nigerian Secondary Grammar School curriculum
(Adeyinka, 1983). Very little consideration was given to the future needs of the pupils, because
this type of curriculum was considered adequate for the type of white-collar jobs that were
normally available for the products of the early grammar schools. Thus, the British literary
tradition was strictly followed in the early Nigerian grammar schools, so that training in agriculture
or preparation for self-employment in other areas did not constitute an integral part of the early
curriculum.



As there was neither the School Certificate nor the G. C. e. (O-Level) examination during
this period, the pupils in these early grammar schools were prepared for various certificates of the
Colleges of Preceptors of London. For example, pupils in class 4 were usually prepared for the
Third Class Certificate of the College of Preceptors, pupils in class 5 for the Second-class
certificate and those in class 6 for the First-class certificate which was also often taken by
teachers in lower secondary and upper primary schools.



The First-class certificate of the College of Preceptors was the highest academic



qualification available at the time and holders of the certificate were qualified for highly paid jobs
in the schools, in the civil service and in the Church.



III. THE EARLY SECULAR CURRICULUM/I AND THE IMPACT OF BRITISH
EXAMINING BODIES, 1882 - 1925



The year 1882 was a landmark in the history of education in Nigeria, a major trend in the
development of the curriculum, for it was from that year that the government began to show
interest in the development of the school curriculum when it passed an Education Act which
provided for a Board of Education to control the development of education at all levels in English-
speaking West African Countries. However, it was not until 1887, when the first Nigerian
Education Act was passed, that a separate Board of Education was constituted for Nigeria. The
Act provided for 'Assisted' and 'Non-Assisted' schools and invested in the Nigerian Board of
Education the authority to control and direct the development of education in the country. All
'Assisted Schools' were qualified to receive government grants, worked out on the principle of
'payment by results' and subject to favourable inspection reports. The implication of this for
curriculum development in Nigeria was that a majority of the schools, in an attempt to attract
government grants, began to employ more qualified staff to teach most of the subjects available
in the school curriculum of the time in order to record a higher percentage of passes in those
subjects. Considerable emphasis was placed on the teaching of English and Arithmetic, two of
the subjects required for employment in the civil service.



Up to 1909, the only external examination available to Nigerian Grammar-School
candidates remained that of the College of Preceptors of London. The first recorded success of
Nigerian candidates in that examination was in 1892, when Michael Cole and Simon Pratt of the
C. M. S. Grammar School, Lagos, passed the examination with First Class Certificate.



In December 1910, one year after the opening of the first Government Secondary School
(King's College, Lagos), the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (U.-C. L. E.
S.) created a centre for its local examinations in Lagos. Thus, King's College, Lagos, led other
grammar schools in Nigeria in presenting candidates for Cambridge Local examinations. The fact
that a colonial centre was created in Lagos at that time was of considerable significance in the
history of education in Nigeria. Indeed, the subjects examined by this body (listed in Table 1)
significantly affected the development of the Nigerian grammar -school curriculum because the
subjects taken by the Nigerian candidates were a reflection of the subjects included in the
grammar-school curriculum of the time.



Other grammar schools in the country soon followed the example of King's College with
the result that in the years following 1910, growing numbers of school candidates consistently
entered for the Cambridge Local Examinations. From the year 1910 when Cambridge Local
Examinations were introduced into Nigeria, the Nigerian Secondary Grammar-School curriculum
was to a large extent determined by the Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, because
these schools prepared their pupils for subjects normally examined by that body.



Table 1 shows that subjects examined by the Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate,
with asterisks (*) on those of them taught in Nigerian Grammar Schools during the period covered
in this section.



TABLE 1: SUBJECTS EXAMINED BY THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LOCAL
EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE, 1910 - 1925



Preliminary Junior Senior (Schl. Cert, from 1923)
1. Writing & Dictation+ 1. Writing & 1. Arithmetic




  1. Arithmetic+*




  2. Religious Knowledge*




  3. English*




  4. English History*




  5. Geography*




  6. Latin




  7. French**




  8. German




  9. Geometry**




  10. Algebra




  11. Exp. Science*




  12. Chemistry*




  13. Heat*




  14. Botany*



Dictation+*

2. Arithmetic* 2.
3. Religious 3.



Knowledge

4. Eng. Lang & 4.



Litt.*

5. History & 5.



Geography*

6. Latin 6.
7. Greek** 7.
8. French** 8.
9. German 9.
10. Spanish 10.
11. Dutch 11.
12. Mathematics* 12.
13. Elementary 13.



Exp. Science*

14. Chemistry* 14.
15. Physics* 15.
16. Biology & 16.



Physical



Geography*

17. Book- 17.



keeping*
18. Drawing*



19. Music**



Religious Knowledge
Eng. Lang. & Litt.*



History & Geography
Latin*



Greek

French**

German

Spanish

Dutch

Mathematics*

Elementary Exp. Science*
Chemistry*



Physics*

Biology & Physical Geo.*
Drawing**



Music**



Source: U. C. L. E. S. Reports— 1910—1925

+ Compulsory

* Taught in most secondary grammar school in Nigeria.

** Occasionally taught in some secondary grammar schools in Nigeria.



The curriculum of the primary school included writing and Dictation, Arithmetic, English
(Grammar, English Composition, Religious Knowledge, History and Geography. Pupils were
prepared for the Middle Four Examination organised by the Department of Education established
in 1903. Most of the grammar schools of the time had primary departments.



The teacher training institutions also followed an academic curriculum, but they combined
this with pedagogical training. The Hope Waddell Training Institution, Calabar (opend in 1846),
St. Andrew's College, Oyo (opened in 1896) and Wesley College, Ibadan (opened in 1905)
provided instructions in the basic Arts subjects, Elementary Science, domestic duties and infant
care and teacher education in general. Each of these institutions paid considerable attention to
the teaching of Physical Training and Christian Religious Knowledge (Solaru, 1964), apparently to
aid the physical and moral development of the students.



While primary school pupils and students in teacher training colleges were locally
examined at the end of their courses, secondary school pupils were consistently externally
examined. Here lies the importance of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations
Syndicate. However, the impact of U. C. L. E. S. during this period was more noticeable in the
senior local examination, which became the School Certificate in 1923. This had a wide
implication for the development of the curriculum of the senior classes of Nigerian Grammar
Schools. Thus, the introduction of a new subject at the Senior Local (School Certificate)
Examination consistency attracted positive responses from secondary grammar schools which
immediately included this in their schools' curricular. For example, the introduction of Applied
Mathematics, Experimental Science, Botany, Natural History of Animals, Needlework and
Hygiene between 1916 and 1920 led to the inclusion of these subjects in the Nigerian grammar-
school curriculum during these years.



Also, changes in the syllabuses of the Senior Local (School Certificate) Examination
subjects affected the content of these subjects in the senior classes of the grammar schools. For
example, the changes in the History syllabus for the December 1920 Senior Local Examination
led to an adjustment, during that year, in the subject-matter of History at Abeokuta Grammar
School to include topics on 'History of England, 1815 — 1914’, one of the alternative papers
introduced that year.



The above evidence illustrates the link between external examinations and subject
offerings in the grammar schools. Therefore, external examinations, particularly the Cambridge
Local Examinations, played a major role in curriculum development in Nigeria at that time.



In the development of the secondary grammar-school curriculum, therefore, the period
1910 — 1925 was clearly one of complete dependence on the guidance and direction of British
Examining Boards, Apart from U. C. L. E. S., the University of London Schools Examinations
Council also indirectly influenced the content of the school and colleges curricula in Nigeria, for
although the London Matriculation Examination conducted by the council was meant for private
candidates, many grammar-school pupils-and students in teacher training colleges took it
between 1912 and 1925.



This was the situation in Nigeria at the time the Phelps-Stokes Commission Report was
published in 1925.



IV. PHELPS-STOKES AND AFTER, 1925 — 1952



The main observation of the Phelps-Stokes Commission was that education in Nigeria
was not adapted to the needs of the people (Lewis, 1962). This was because there was too much
emphasis on the academic curriculum. The Nigerians in general preferred the academic
curriculum to the technical or agricultural one because the past generations of pupils and
students following it had used their qualifications as a ladder to the Universities and other higher
institutions of learning, and in effect as a passport for attractive white-collar jobs. The commission
therefore recommended that education in Nigeria should be adapted to the real needs of the
people. Thus, in subjects like History, Geography, Biology and the like, emphasis should be on
African countries rather than on European countries. Further, attempts should be made to train
the masses on the one hand and local leaders on the other. The subsequent attempts by the
colonial administration to provide technical and agricultural education were probably the results of
a genuine acceptance of the Phelps-Stokes recommendations. But the truth was that the
Nigerians themselves consistently clamoured for more and more academic education of the
Western type.



In the same year, the Advisory Committee on Native Education in British Tropical Africa
made a similar observation and recommended that the content and methods of teaching various
subjects in the school curriculum should be adopted to suit African life and surroundings.



Apart from these two influences, the Education Ordinance of 1926 exerted considerable
influence on the development of the school curricula in Nigeria. The Ordinance, among other
things, provided for the rapid growth of the schools' curricula through regular inspection of the
subjects taught in the schools and the registration of teachers. Although the ordinance provided
for the revision of the grants-in-aid system, the system of ‘payment by results’ continued. With the
provision for regular inspection of the schools and the establishment of school committees
charged with the responsibility for regularising the educational activities of the schools, the
continuation of the scheme of ‘payment by results’ meant that schools would continue to appoint,
as much as possible, the best qualified teachers of each subject in the schools' curricula so that
their pupils could pass well in the examinations set in the various subjects and thereby qualify the
schools for adequate grants-in-aid.



Another significant attempt by the Government to influence the development of the
grammar-school curriculum was the directive it gave in 1930 that in every subject offered in
Nigerian Secondary Schools, Form 1 should attain a standard equivalent to that required for a
pass in the Cambridge University Preliminary Local Examination; that Form II should attain a
standard equivalent to that required for a pass in the Cambridge Junior School Certificate
Examination; Form IV that of the Cambridge School Certificate or London Matriculation
Examination; and Form VI that of the Cambridge Higher School Certificate E animation. The
result was that in spite of the observations and recommendations of the Phelps-Stokes
Commission and the Advisory Committee, the content of formal education in Nigeria was still
closely patterned along the British line as the British examining bodies continued to exert
considerable influence on the grammar-school curriculum.



While U. C. L. E. S. continued to make its local examinations available to school
candidates in Nigeria throughout this period (as did the Oxford Delegacy during the years 1929 —
1937) the University of London continued to make the London Matriculation Examination
available to private candidates, including student-teachers from Wesley College (Ibadan), St.
Andrew's College (Oyo) and Hope Waddell Training Institution (Calabar). In general, the primary
school and teacher training curricula were similar to those of the preceding period. In the case of
the grammar schools, the major trends in the development of the curriculum are shown in Table
2.



One major trend not shown in the table was that while the Cambridge Preliminary Local
Examination became less and less important, the Junior and School Certificate Examinations
became relatively more important. With the abolition of the Preliminary Local Examination at
Overseas centres after December 1939, the Junior Local (later called Cambridge Junior School
Certificate) Examination became the lowest external examination taken by Nigerian grammar-
school pupils. Further, with the abolition of the Junior Cambridge Examinations, the School
Certificate Examination became the lowest external examination taken by Nigerian candidates,
and this was the



TABLE 2: DEVELOPMENTS IN CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL CERTIFICATE/EXAMINATION
SUBJECTS, 1926-1950



1930 1935



Group I Subjects

1. Religious Knowledge+
2. English+

3. History+

4. Geography+



Group II Subjects
5.Latin+

6. Greek



1926 1931 1936 1941 1946
—————
1940 1945 1950



* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *



*****
**** *



7. French++
8.German
9. Spanish
10. Italian



11. Other Languages (e.g.
Dutch, Russian, Sanskrit)



Group III Subjects

12. Elementary Mathematics+
13. Additional Mathematics++
14. Chemistry+

15. Physics+

16. Botany++

17. Biology ++

18. General Science+

19. Natural History of Animals++
20.Physics-cumChemistry

21. Mechanics++



*****
*****
* * * * *
* * * * *



* * * * *



* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * N N N
* * * * *
N N N * *



Group IV Subjects

22.Art++

23. Music++ *
24. Book-keeping/Shorhand++ *
25. Handicraft++ *
26. Geometrical & Engineering



Drawing++ *
27. Housecraft or Needlework++ *
28. Hygiene+ *
29. Mensuration & Surveying *
30. Technical Drawing++ N
31. Hygiene & Physiology+ N



*****



* *
* *
* *



* N
* *
* N
N N
N *
N *



* *
* *
* *



N N
* *
N *
N N
* *
* *



Source: Regulations and Syllabuses
Examination, for the years 1926 — 1950.



* Subjects examined by U. C. L. E. S, during these years.



N Subjects not examined either not yet introduced or already
phased out.



+ Subjects usually taken by a majority of Nigerian candidates
These were the subjects taught in the grammar schools.



++ Subjects usually taken by a minority of the candidates. situation



down to the establishment of the West African Examinations Council
in 1952, the same year that the London Matriculation was replaced by the General
Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level).



The implication of all these for curriculum development in Nigeria was that the grammar
schools ultimately adopted the policy of preparing their pupils for the Cambridge School
Certificate Examination and in doing this they gradually adopted the policy of teaching in their
schools only those subjects that were being examined by U. C, L. E. S. from year to year. By
1952, therefore, most grammar schools in Nigeria included the following subjects in their
curriculum and taught them up to the School Certificate level: English Language, English
Literature, Religious Knowledge, History, Geography, Latin, Elementary Mathematics, Additional
Mathematics, General Science, Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Art and Technical Drawing.



V. FROM W. A. E.G. TO INDEPENDENCE 1952-1960



for the Cambridge's School Certificate



The West African Examinations Council (W. A. E. C.) was established in March 1952,
following the recommendation of Dr. G. B. Jeffrey, Director of the Institute of Education,
University of London, who had earlier been asked by the British Secretary of State for the
Colonies to visit West Africa and advise on a proposal that a body of this kind should be
established in that area. The Lagos office of the Council was opened at Yaba in September 1953
(W. A. E. C., 1973).



The major role of the W, A. E. C. in curriculum development during its early years of
existence was that of inspecting schools for purposes of approving them and accepting their
pupils as private candidates for Cambridge Overseas School Certificate (later West African
School Certificate) Examination. This would normally encourage the grammar schools to teach
the various subjects normally examined by the W. A. E. C. The establishment of the W. A. E. C.
was therefore an event of considerable, perhaps over-riding, significance in curriculum
development in Nigeria.



Apart from the W. A. E. C., however, there were a number of other factors influencing the
development of the schools' curricula in Nigeria. The various regional ministries of education, for
example, played an important role. In 1959, for example, the former Eastern Region revised its
primary school curriculum for the First School Leaving Certificate Examination and also the
Secondary School Syllabuses in English, History and Geography. Moves were also made to
revise the teacher training curriculum (Dike, 1959). The reason for this change was basically
political. In preparation for political independence, which was promised for the following year
(1960), the former Eastern Region realised the need to throw away part of the British-type
academic curriculum and replace this with one that was more relevant to the needs of the people.
Efforts were also made in other regions of the country to bring about changes in the education
system.



In the former Western Region, for example, a scheme of Universal Primary Education
was launched in January 1955. New Primary School Syllabuses were introduced, featuring
character development and the acquisition of literacy and manual skills. Secondary Modem
Schools were introduced in 1957, followed by the introduction of detailed syllabuses for
Secondary Modern School subjects in 1958 (Osiyale, 1972).



At the national level, moves were made to review the whole education system and
introduce new courses and new curricula into the schools as the country prepared for political
independence. This was the mood of the nation when the Government set up the Ashby
Commission in 1959. The Report of the Commission submitted in September 1960, had a
profound influence on the development of the Nigerian School curricular in the years following
independence.



VI. INDEPENDENCE AND AFTER, 1960 TO DATE



Nigeria regained her independence on 1st October, 1960, a month after the submission
of the Ashby Report. With specific reference to curriculum development, the Ashby Commission
recommended the introduction of obligatory manual projects into secondary schools and the
provision of different types of secondary school curricula, including commercial, vocational and
agricultural courses. Further, the Commissioners recommended that both the pre-service and in-
service training of teachers should be intensified. They also recommended the introduction of
Advanced Teachers' Colleges, to be associated with Universities.



In the Universities, a new undergraduate course, B. Ed. (also variously styled B. A. (Ed.)
and B. Sc. (Ed.) should be introduced. The opening of Advanced Teachers’ Colleges at Ibadan,
Ondo, Pankshin, Abraka, Ilesha, Ikere-Ekiti, Ilorin, Oro and other areas in the country, and the
introduction of B.Ed. courses in the Faculties of Education of Nigeria Universities (Ibadan, Lagos,
Ife, Ilorin, ABU, Nsukka etc.) after independence are valid evidences that this aspect of the Ashby



recommendations had been fully implemented.



Apart from the Ashby Report, other documents do exist which tend to show the direction of
curriculum development in Nigeria since independence. In the former Western Region, for
example, both the Banjo Report (1961) and the Taiwo Report (1968) recommended the revision
of the school syllabuses and the introduction of a new structure of education. The Banjo Report
specifically recommended a new model for secondary education, comprising junior and senior
secondary schools. The curriculum of the former should be comprehensive. This was partly the
origin of the Aiyetoro Comprehensive School experiment started in 1963. The Taiwo Committee
recommended that the primary-school curriculum should be overhauled and new syllabuses
prepared in such subjects as Mathematics and Social Studies. Similar recommendations were
made in the East (Dike 1959, Ivan Ikoku, 1964).



Other bodies or factors that have influenced curriculum development in Nigeria since
independence are: the Nigerian Educational Research Council (N. E. R. C.) the National
Curriculum Conference (1969) and the National Policy on Education (1977; Revised in 1981).



Although the N. E. R. C. was not formally established, by decree, until 1972, the move to
establish the body had started since 1961 and it had in fact started to co-ordinate research
activities in Nigeria since the 1960s. It was under the auspices of this body that the National
Curriculum Conference was held in Lagos in 1969. The Conference called for a well-defined
philosophy of education for Nigeria and suggested the principles that should guide the formulation
of the objectives and curricula of primary, secondary, teacher and higher education in the country
(Adaralegbe, 1972).



The proceedings of the National Curriculum Conference provided the basis for the
National Policy on Education (1977). With specific reference to curriculum development in
Nigeria, the policy advocates a 6—3—3—4 system, and suggests that the junior secondary
schools should operate a comprehensive curriculum, in preparation for specialization at the upper
levels.



During the year immediately following independence, the W. A. E. C. undertook a gradual
revision of the School Certificate Syllabuses, especially in History, Mathematics, French, English
Language and Literature (now Literature in English), Physics, Chemistry and Biology (W. A. J. E.
VII/2 1964). It also increased the number of its examinable subjects. Secondary Schools in the
country accordingly revised their own curricula. This gradually led to a swing of candidates from
the traditional subjects to the new ones, and also to such science subjects as Physics, Chemistry
and Biology, presumably because there are now better qualified teachers of this subject and
better equipment for teaching them. Table 3 shows the direction of enrolment of Nigerian
candidates in 13 selected subjects, for 1961 and 1974.



TABLE 3: THE ENTRIES OF NIGERIAN CANDIDATES AT THE SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION, 1961 AND 1974



English Language
Literature in English
Bible Knowledge
History



Geography
Yoruba
Mathematics
Physics
Chemistry



1961



TNG = 5,537
Entries %TNC



5,537 100.0
4,629 83.6
4,557 82.3
4,321 78.0
3,283 59.3
1,549 28.0
4,762 86.0
1,715 31.0
2,356 42.6



1974



TNC = 63,720
Entries % TNC



63,720 100.0
50,060 62.9
51.443 80.7
27,404 43.0
33,979 53.3
15,835 24.9
63,114 99.0
19,180 30.1
40,478 63.5



Biology 3,801
Commerce 60
Principles of Accounts 59
Health Science 1,231



Source: W. A. E. C. Annual Reports, for the years ended



VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION



The missionaries controlled the Nigerian School

the latter date, the Government gradually involved itself in the provision of education and in
curriculum development. At first, government involvement took the form of meagre grants to the
missions and the promulgation of education ordinances and codes. Later, the government started
to open its own schools, to take over existing schools and to establish Examination and Research
Councils to regularise the school curricula, and to set up commissions to advise it on curricula
innovations and development. Largely due to the efforts of the W. A. E. C. and the demands of
the grammar schools, the number of examination subjects steadily increased over the years and
new subjects were added so that such traditional subjects as History and Geography gradually
attracted smaller proportions of candidates than the science subjects which are now apparently
handled by more qualified teachers, using better and more reliable equipment.



REFERENCES



Adeyinka, A. A. (1983). A Study of the Place of History in the Evolution of the Nigerian Secondary
Grammar-School Curriculum. Cardiff: Ph. D. Thesis (Wales).



Ajayi, J. F. Ade (1963). ‘The Development of Secondary Gram mar-School
Education in Nigeria', journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (4),
Dec. 523.



Eastern Nigeria (1959). The Dike Report on the Primary School Curricula.



Eastern Nigeria (1964). Report of the Conference on the Review of the Education System in
Eastern Nigeria (Alvan Ikoku Report). Enugu: Government Printer.



Good, Carter (1959). Dictionary of Education, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.



Lewis, L. J. (1962). Phelps-Stokes Report on Education in Africa. London: O. U. P.



Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Education (1960). Investment in Education: The Report of the
Commission on Post-School Certificate and Higher Education in Nigeria. (Ashby Report).
Lagos: Federal Ministry of Education.



Osiyale, A. 0. (1972). Progress, Problems and Issues of School Curricula in Nigeria, 1912 -
1972. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Institute of Education, University of London.



Rugg, H. (1936). 'New Trends in Curriculum Planning', in Richmond, Kenneth (ed.), The School
Curriculum, London: Methwn & Co.



Western Nigeria (1961). Report of the Commission Appointed to Review the Education System in
Western Nigeria (Banjo Report). Ibadan Government Printer.



Solaru, T. T. (1964). Teacher Training in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.



Western Nigeria (1968). Report of the Committee on the Review of the Primary Education
System in the Western State of Nigeria (Taiwo Report). Ibadan: Government Printer.



West African Examinations Council (1973). The First 21 Years: 1952 - 1973. Lagos: W. A. E. C.,
p. 15.



68.6 56,951 89.4
1.1 3,648 5.7
1.1 3,428 5.4
22.2 5,779 9.1



31st March 1962 and 31st March 1975.



Curricula between 1842 and 1882. From